The identification of paper and silk, calligraphy and painting are made on paper and silk. The service life of silk is generally about 100 years, and the service life of paper is about 1000 years. Of course, due to the different underground burial environment, the paper and silk in the unearthed cultural relics may still exceed a thousand years. For example, silk was woven from single silk before the Jin and Tang Dynasties. It was not until the Song Dynasty that it was found that the silk woven from double silk was finer than that in the yuan and Ming Dynasties. The age of calligraphy and painting can be determined by the quality category of silk.

紙，也有時代痕跡。隋唐之前，紙以麻料作原料，顯得纖維較租，紙張不夠細潔；隋唐之后，樹皮被用來造紙，其紙質比以前精細；北宋中期后，造紙原料多樣化，紙質也呈現多樣化了。實際上，民間收藏的字畫僅以明清以后時期多見，這是因為紙、絹本身難于歷經數百年保存的緣故。再加上造偽者的混淆，所以有人認為古字畫中相當部分是魚目混珠

Paper also has traces of the times. Before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, paper used hemp as raw material, which showed that the fiber was rented and the paper was not clean enough; After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, bark was used to make paper, which was finer than before; After the mid Northern Song Dynasty, the paper-making raw materials were diversified, and the paper also showed diversification. In fact, folk collections of calligraphy and paintings are only common after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, because paper and silk itself are difficult to preserve for hundreds of years. Coupled with the confusion of counterfeiters, some people think that a considerable part of ancient calligraphy and painting is fishy eyes mixed with pearls

一、裝演鑒別：

1、 Costume identification:

各個時代裝橫有其特色。如元代宮廷藏畫選擇專人裝裱，大德四年“以古玉象牙為軸，以鸞鵲木錦碧天續為裝核”。明代書畫則在書畫卷增加了引首，有的還被寫上了字，立軸有寬邊、窄邊之分，有的還加了詩堂。清代宮廷書畫的裝核用料和技術形式都勝于明代，顯得更為講究。

Each era has its own characteristics. For example, the palace paintings of the Yuan Dynasty were mounted by special personnel. In the fourth year of Dade, "the axis was ancient jade and ivory, and the core was Luan magpie, wood, brocade and green sky". In the Ming Dynasty, the introduction was added to the calligraphy and painting volume, and some were written with characters. The vertical axis was divided into wide and narrow sides, and some added poetry halls. The materials and technical forms of the court calligraphy and painting in the Qing Dynasty are better than those in the Ming Dynasty.

二、印章鑒別：

2、 Seal identification:

宋代字畫作品許多不上印章，部分上蓋銅印與玉印，印色有密印和水櫻元代印章質料有木、象牙、銅、玉等，印色為油印和水櫻元代自王冕始用石料印章。明代石料印章普遍，篆文刻法采用“錘頭式”，使用大多是油櫻清代印章形狀、字體、字形均呈多樣化，印色為油質。 畫中人物衣服與生活用具的鑒別 各個年代冠服往往不同，生活用具也有差別，可以據以鑒別。

Many calligraphy and painting works in the Song Dynasty do not have seals. Some of them are covered with copper seals and jade seals. The printing colors include secret seals and Shuiying seals in the Yuan Dynasty. The materials include wood, ivory, copper and jade. The printing colors are oil seals and Shuiying seals. Stone seals have been used since Wang Mian in the Yuan Dynasty. Stone seals were common in the Ming Dynasty, and the seal cutting method adopted "hammer head type", most of which were oil cherry seals. The shapes, fonts and glyphs of seals in the Qing Dynasty were diversified, and the printing color was oil. The identification of the clothes and living utensils of the characters in the painting is often different in different ages, and the living utensils are also different, which can be used for identification.

三、題跋鑒別：

3、 Inscription and postscript identification:

題跋分三類：作者的題跋，同時代人的題跋，后人的題跋。題跋是為了增加字畫的身價。但是，常見有真畫配假題跋或假畫配真題跋的，應仔細鑒別。特別是名家在假字畫上題跋更容易使入迷。

There are three types of inscriptions and postscripts: the author's inscriptions and postscripts, the contemporaries' inscriptions and postscripts, and the posterity's inscriptions and postscripts. Inscriptions and postscripts are to increase the value of calligraphy and painting. However, if there are often true paintings with false inscriptions and postscripts or false paintings with true inscriptions and postscripts, they should be carefully identified. In particular, famous artists are more likely to be fascinated by inscriptions and postscripts on fake calligraphy and paintings.